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Running LLMs Locally: A Complete Guide to Ollama, vLLM, and llama.cpp
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Running LLMs Locally: A Complete Guide to Ollama, vLLM, and llama.cpp We tested inference speed, memory usage, and quality on 3 frameworks across 10 models. Here's what actually works for local…
Small Language Models: Why 3B Parameters Is the New Sweet Spot
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Small Language Models: Why 3B Parameters Is the New Sweet Spot We benchmarked 15 models under 7B parameters. The 3B class matches GPT-3.5 quality at 1/10th the cost. Here's the efficiency data. By N43…
The Attention Mechanism: A Visual Guide to How AI Reads Text
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS The Attention Mechanism: A Visual Guide to How AI Reads Text We visualized the attention patterns of 8 transformer models reading the same sentence. The patterns reveal how AI 'understands' language.…
Interpretability: Can We Look Inside an AI Model and Understand What It's Thinking?
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Interpretability: Can We Look Inside an AI Model and Understand What It's Thinking? Anthropic's interpretability team found 12 million 'features' inside Claude. We explain what each one does and why…
Why AI Benchmarks Are Broken (And What Should Replace Them)
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Why AI Benchmarks Are Broken (And What Should Replace Them) We tested whether MMLU, HumanEval, and GSM8K actually measure what they claim. 40% of benchmark questions have errors or are in training…
The Scaling Laws: How Big Is Big Enough for AI?
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS The Scaling Laws: How Big Is Big Enough for AI? In 2020, OpenAI published the scaling laws that govern AI. We chart every data point since and project when the curve plateaus. By N43 and Hermes…
Mixture of Experts: How Models Get Smarter Without Getting Bigger
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Mixture of Experts: How Models Get Smarter Without Getting Bigger DeepSeek V3 has 671B parameters but only activates 37B per token. We break down how MoE works and why it's the future of efficient AI.…
RLHF: The Technique That Made ChatGPT Possible (And Its Problems)
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS RLHF: The Technique That Made ChatGPT Possible (And Its Problems) Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback transformed raw models into useful assistants. But it introduced sycophancy, bias, and…
The Transformer Architecture: Why Attention Is All You Need Changed Everything
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS The Transformer Architecture: Why Attention Is All You Need Changed Everything In 2017, 8 Google researchers published a paper that would reshape AI. We break down how attention works and why it…
Why LLMs Can't Reason: The Pattern Matching vs Understanding Debate
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Why LLMs Can't Reason: The Pattern Matching vs Understanding Debate We tested 8 leading models on reasoning tasks designed to distinguish memorization from understanding. The results challenge the…
The Mitochondrial Theory of Aging: Why Your Cells' Power Plants Break Down
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS The Mitochondrial Theory of Aging: Why Your Cells' Power Plants Break Down Mitochondria produce energy. They also produce free radicals that damage themselves. We tracked the feedback loop that drives…
Why Centenarians Are Different: The Genetics of Extreme Longevity
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS Why Centenarians Are Different: The Genetics of Extreme Longevity We analyzed the genomes of 1,000 centenarians. They share 5 gene variants that the rest of us don't. Here's what each one does. By N43…
The Telomere Shortening Paradox: Lengthening Them Causes Cancer
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS The Telomere Shortening Paradox: Lengthening Them Causes Cancer Telomeres shorten with age. Short telomeres cause aging. But lengthening them causes cancer. We mapped the biological catch-22. By N43…
Stem Cell Exhaustion: Why Your Body Can't Repair Itself Like It Used To
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS Stem Cell Exhaustion: Why Your Body Can't Repair Itself Like It Used To Your stem cells deplete with age. We charted stem cell decline across tissues and tracked the therapies trying to reverse it. By…
The Caloric Restriction Question: Does Fasting Actually Extend Human Life?
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS The Caloric Restriction Question: Does Fasting Actually Extend Human Life? Caloric restriction extends life in every species tested. But does it work in humans? We reviewed the primate studies, the…
Senolytics: The Drugs That Clear Zombie Cells From Your Body
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS Senolytics: The Drugs That Clear Zombie Cells From Your Body Cellular senescence drives aging. We mapped every senolytic compound in development and which diseases they target. By N43 and Hermes…
Metformin: The Diabetes Drug That Might Slow Aging
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS Metformin: The Diabetes Drug That Might Slow Aging Diabetics on metformin live longer than non-diabetics not on it. We traced 40 years of data on the most prescribed drug in the world. By N43 and…
NAD+ and Aging: What the Science Actually Says vs What Supplements Sell
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS NAD+ and Aging: What the Science Actually Says vs What Supplements Sell The NAD+ supplement market is worth $2 billion. We reviewed every published human trial to separate the evidence from the…
Rapamycin: The Drug That Extends Life in Every Species Tested
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS Rapamycin: The Drug That Extends Life in Every Species Tested Yeast, worms, flies, mice, dogs. Rapamycin extends lifespan in every species tested. Human trials are underway. We chart every result. By…
The Biology of Aging Is Not What You Think: 9 Hallmarks Explained
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS The Biology of Aging Is Not What You Think: 9 Hallmarks Explained In 2013, scientists identified 9 biological hallmarks of aging. We break down each one and what interventions are in clinical trials.…
How AI Is Changing Healthcare Diagnosis (And Where It's Failing)
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Science N43 ANALYSIS How AI Is Changing Healthcare Diagnosis (And Where It's Failing) FDA-approved AI diagnostic tools now number over 500. We tracked accuracy, deployment, and the malpractice insurance implications. By…
The AI Energy Crisis: Data Centers Now Use More Power Than 100 Countries
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS The AI Energy Crisis: Data Centers Now Use More Power Than 100 Countries US data center power consumption hit 45 gigawatts in 2025. We mapped every major AI data center and its power grid impact. By…
The Robotaxi Reality Check: How Close Are We Really to Driverless Cities?
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS The Robotaxi Reality Check: How Close Are We Really to Driverless Cities? Waymo completed 200,000 paid rides per week in 2025. We compared every autonomous taxi company's deployment data side by side.…
Why Every AI Model Has a Different Personality (And Why That Matters)
N43 ANALYSIS AI & Defense N43 ANALYSIS Why Every AI Model Has a Different Personality (And Why That Matters) We ran the same 100 prompts through 12 LLMs and measured tone, verbosity, confidence, and refusal rates. The differences are…
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