Article archive
Published news and blog articles, organized by category. Browse older coverage by month or search for a topic. Undated blog guides appear after dated news.
2,252 articles · Newest first
How Monte Carlo Methods Work
From nuclear weapons to Pixar rendering, the randomized algorithm that solves the unsolvable by rolling the dice millions of times
The Math of Encryption: RSA and Elliptic Curves
How prime numbers and elliptic curves protect every message you send — and why quantum computers threaten to undo it all
How Solid-State Batteries Work: Rebuilding the Battery Around a Solid Ion Highway
Replace the flammable liquid electrolyte with a solid ion conductor and the battery’s geometry, interfaces, and manufacturing assumptions all change. Here is what the chemistry promises—and why the hard part is contact.
Perovskite Solar Cells: The Thin Crystal Layer Chasing Silicon
A fast-rising photovoltaic material can absorb sunlight in a film thinner than a human hair. Its advantage is tunable bandgaps and low-temperature processing; its obstacle is making that performance last for decades.
How mRNA Vaccines Work: A Temporary Message With a Permanent Immune Lesson
The cell biology behind the fastest vaccine platform ever deployed: lipid nanoparticles deliver a short-lived instruction, ribosomes build an antigen, and the adaptive immune system remembers the pattern.
Topology: The Mathematics of Shapes and Surfaces
Forget exact distances. Topology asks what survives when a shape bends, stretches, and twists without tearing or gluing.
Bayes’ Theorem: The Geometry of Changing Beliefs
Probability becomes a disciplined update: start with a prior, weigh the evidence, and normalize the candidates into a posterior you can defend.
P vs. NP: The Question Behind the Hardest Problems
Why “easy to check” may not mean “easy to solve”—and why one proof could rewrite cryptography, optimization, and computer science.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Explained
The Economics of Training Frontier AI Models
The Economics of Training Frontier AI Models | N43 N43 ANALYSIS ai · research briefing N43 ANALYSIS · AI The Economics of Training Frontier AI Models Frontier training is an industrial balance sheet disguised as a research project: chips,…
How AI Agents Work: From Reasoning to Action
How AI Agents Work: From Reasoning to Action | N43 N43 ANALYSIS ai · research briefing N43 ANALYSIS · AI How AI Agents Work: From Reasoning to Action An AI agent is not just a language model with a persona. It is a loop: perceive a goal,…
How Carbon Capture Technology Works
How Carbon Capture Technology Works | N43 N43 ANALYSIS AI · 056 N43 ANALYSIS · TECHNOLOGY How Carbon Capture Technology Works From amine scrubbers to direct air capture plants in Iceland — the thermodynamics, chemistry, and economics of…
The Promise and Peril of Lab-Grown Meat
The Promise and Peril of Lab-Grown Meat | N43 N43 ANALYSIS ai · research briefing N43 ANALYSIS · ai The Promise and Peril of Lab-Grown Meat Cultivated meat could cut slaughter and reshape the footprint of food—but only if biology,…
How CRISPR Gene Editing Is Transforming Medicine
How CRISPR Gene Editing Is Transforming Medicine | N43 N43 ANALYSIS ai · research briefing N43 ANALYSIS · ai How CRISPR Gene Editing Is Transforming Medicine CRISPR turned a bacterial defense system into a programmable medical platform.…
The Fourier Transform: How One Idea Reshaped Science
How the Fourier transform decomposes signals into pure frequencies and reshaped science from audio to quantum mechanics.
The Bigger Recipe: Why AI Scaling Laws Work
Why larger AI models tend to improve predictably when model size, data, and compute grow together—and why the law is powerful but not infinite.
When Two Networks Play a Game: The Strange Power of GANs
Generative adversarial networks turn generation into a contest: a generator proposes samples while a discriminator learns to reject counterfeits.
How Neural Networks See: The Pattern-Making Machine
A visual field guide to convolutional neural networks: how shared filters turn pixels into edges, textures, objects, and decisions.
Photonic Computing: Processing With Light
Photonic processors use propagation and interference to move and transform data at high bandwidth—while electronics still handle much of the control.
The Machine That Balances on Four Spinning Disks
A drone is not magic and it is not merely a flying camera. It is a closed-loop control system that turns motor speed, sensor fusion, radio links, and software into stable flight.
Steel: The Molten Material That Built the Modern World
From iron ore and coal to a glowing slab, steelmaking is a controlled fight against chemistry. The result is the material that made railways, skyscrapers, ships and modern industry possible.
How Evolution Works: The Engine That Built Every Living Thing
Natural selection is not chance. It is a blind, tireless algorithm that has run for nearly four billion years, producing every organism that has ever lived.
The Hidden Civilization Inside Your Gut
Ten trillion bacteria live inside you, shaping your mood, immunity, and weight. An N43 analysis of the science of the gut microbiome.
The Invisible Push: How Motors and Generators Trade Energy
A clear, physics-first tour from magnetic force and commutation to Faraday induction, back EMF, and the reversible electric machine.
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